The Legacy Of The Scientific Revolution Philosophy Essay

The Legacy Of The Scientific Revolution Philosophy Essay There were such a large number of thoughts that such a large number of capable people joined to make a development that cleared over the world from Europe right to America all through the sixteenth and seventeenth hundreds of years. Numerous researchers of this time were attempting to accomplish their concept of having a world without a social request, a more elevated level of class, and no standardized remorselessness. This period got known as The Scientific Revolution. Researchers were opening new entryways and making exceptional revelations in innovation, science, medication, space science. It was during this time researchers were looking at old and new speculations from past societies and ages. The researchers of this time went past basic perception. They needed to know nature and the universes most profound privileged insights and so as to do that, they needed to analyze. Investigations in this time were indispensable to science with the goal that they could clarify why nature a nd the world as we probably am aware it does what it does. Not all were even right but rather in any case they were investigating new thoughts and facing challenges which thusly furnished us with the absolute most significant laws and hypotheses that have changed the world we live in and keep on changing the world right up 'til today. These researchers have gotten acclaimed for their disclosures and for giving humankind various thoughts and information that in some sense have got world evolving. I will go into profundity about the researchers of this time and how their thoughts made the heritage that is known as The Scientific Revolution. Conscientious perceptions and an eagerness to address acknowledged convictions I feel would portray Nicolaus Copernicus. He was a clean minister and a cosmologist who for a long time examined planetary developments and made his own speculations on how the stars, earth, and different planets rotated around the sun. His hypothesis was known as the heliocentric or sun-focused hypothesis and was quite genuine for him considering it tested the strict view at that point. Thought he was not the principal who presented this hypothesis, he had the option to work out this hypothesis in full numerical detail. Copernicus had incorporated material science with the requests of stargazing and was the primary individual in history to accomplish finishing a total and general close planetary system joining material science, arithmetic, and cosmology. In doing this, he persuaded different researchers to endeavor to great and his thoughts cleared streets and ways to new progressively expand thoughts. Co pernicus had never distributed his discoveries and speculations due to how it tested the churchs thoughts on the area of earth in the sky. It wasnt until directly before his passing, his student persuaded him to distribute what was approached the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. This distribution was depicted as an upset creation as opposed to a progressive content (Kagan, Ozmet, Turner 408). Copernicus speculations and thoughts set the model and began the start of an upheaval of thoughts and hypotheses that we despite everything convey with us today. Copernicus work enlivened another researcher to keep inquiring about new thoughts. Tycho Brache and his right hand Johannes Kepler kept on promoting examine and immaculate Copernicus thoughts. Kepler accepted that specific scientific laws advance planetary movement. One of his laws demonstrated that the planets rotated around the sun in curved circles rather than circles. Keplers laws indicated that Copernicus was onto something with his thoughts. Once Brache passed, Kepler proceeded to his work to demonstrate that we lived in a sun-focused universe. He at that point made another model that would surrender Copernicus roundabout parts and rather he would receive another hypothesis. This model was the first cosmically that really indicated movement toward the path the planets were moving. They werent roundabout like past hypotheses, his thoughts made them curved. This logical law that every planet circle is an obscuration with the sun has had a gigantic effect on todays aviation progra m the world over. Today Keplers law is utilized on totally unmanned airplane from the Sputnik (our first counterfeit satellite) to COMSAT, INTELSAT, NAVASTAR. After Keplers opportunity arrived Galileo Galilei during the 1600s. He was completely splendid and earned himself numerous epithets like legend of present day science, father of current science, father of present day stargazing, or father of present day arithmetic. Galileos hypotheses depended on genuine experimentation not philosophical beliefs. One of his first tests where with a pendulum. He saw that when its swinging it continuously eases back down. Each time it swings, it covers less region yet consistently sets aside a similar measure of effort for each swing. He inferred this would be a decent planning instrument for a clock or even to check people groups pulses. Galileo demonstrated Aristotles hypothesis that protests that are heavier fall quicker off-base. He moved to the highest point of a tall structure and dropped cannonballs of every single distinctive load from it just to test Aristotles hypothesis. He found that the hypothesis was erroneous and that the balls all hit t he ground at exactly the same time regardless of what their weight was. In doing this test he had the option to find solutions quicker than he would have on the off chance that he had recently watched irregular articles falling in regular day to day existence. Galileo was generally known for his upgrades of the telescope and the disclosures he made when seeing the planets (1609). He saw the stars, mountains on the moon, imperfections on the sun, and even had the option to see the moons circling around jupiter. It was then he understood that what he was seeing was far more than anybody had ever clarified or seen. It was another of Aristotles speculations that the moons and stars were smooth and great yet what Galileo seen was opposing. He seen they were exceptionally lopsided and unpleasant. He distributed these perceptions and hypotheses in a progression of pamphlets to impart to the general population. They were called Starry Messenger (1610) and Letters on Sunspots (1613). Galileo bolstered the thoughts and speculations of Copernicus. Despite the fact that at this point he was viewed as a wonder of science the Catholic Church had a significant issue with him backing Copernicuss hypotheses. They had cautioned him yet he chose to quietly proceed with his examinations. Until 1632 when he distributes his book, Dialogs concerning the Two Great World Systems that it plainly shows that he in reality bolstered the hypotheses he denied. He lived on house till his passing in 1642, however his books thoughts despite everything spread all through the world. There were still inquiries that seventeenth century researchers couldnt make sense of about the planets and how they moved about as they did. Isaac Newton addressed these by uniting the entirety of their thoughts, speculations, and achievements and put them all into one hypothesis of movement. Keplers thoughts were about how the planets circled around the sun, Galileo has contemplated the movement of pendulums, so Newtons hypothesis was that this equivalent single power controlled all the movements and matter on Earth and in space. In finding this, another hypothesis of Aristotles was refuted, however his thoughts were never terrible as in they made different researchers think and further their examinations. Which is actually what occurred here. This revelation of Newtons got known as The Law of Universal Gravitation. It implied that everything on the planet was pulled in to each other item. The quality of the fascination relies upon how large something is or how close. This entire h ypothesis clarifies a ton about how the planets circle around the sun. Newton proceeded to distribute Principia de Mathematica. It is said that this book was the best works throughout the entire existence of science (qtd. in Isaac Newton and the Scientific Revolution 2012). In this book he discusses his laws of movement and his hypothesis of gravity. Newton has truly assisted life today with his laws of movement. He gave the world a numerical clarification of gravity, he instructed us how powers and movement all relate, and he skilled the world with laws of movement that we generally use today. Have you at any point been on a plane? Have you at any point viewed a spaceship shoot off into space? These things happening match with Newtons laws of movement. His speculations have become such a significant staple even in our ordinary lifes. I think Newtons thoughts and hypotheses are what speak to the most significant level of accomplishments of the Scientific Revolution. He is a careful case of why this timeframe has such an inheritance and significance. These researchers all contributed stunning thoughts and speculations. They utilized every others thoughts as learning establishments for their own thoughts and have given the world probably the most valuable logical laws and information. These men all together built up a cutting edge way to deal with science utilizing intelligent strategy for social occasion and testing thoughts. This got known as the Scientific Method. The technique begins by having an inquiry or issue that you would get by having a perception. At that point the researcher would frame a theory (starting thought), and afterward they would test this in an investigation. In the last piece of the procedure, the researchers would examine and decipher their outcomes to arrive at a last resolution. This is the point at which you can either say if the speculation is correct or wrong. This technique is utilized all around the globe. From grade school science class right to school science courses. Alongside the researchers of this time, there were additionally skilled rationalists during this time giving thoughts and testing the occasions. Francis Bacon had a solid enthusiasm for science. He figured researchers would create information that would improve people groups lives in the event that they had a more prominent comprehension of our reality. He generally pushed researchers to investigation and take on the planet, accumulate data, and afterward they could make perceptions and determinations pretty much all the data they found. This strategy is called experimentation. It has become something that is currently utilized all through the world by researchers. Renee Descartes was a savant who depended on science and rationale. He wasnt huge on utilizing

Epoch of Richelieu - Monarchial Intrigues Essay

Age of Richelieu - Monarchial Intrigues - Essay Example Louis XIV, without a doubt, made an incredible commitment in reinforcing the focal authority of French government. In any case, it was made a cakewalk for him in the light of what his forerunners, particularly Richelieu had just cultivated. All things considered, he has the right to be praised for his capacity in perusing rapidly the imperceptible sticker price joined to the individuals who could challenge the absolutism that he visualized and furthermore for the canny, however exploitative, methodologies that he imagined to appease the nobility and to dispose of the remainders of primitive force assuming any. By the utilization of annuities and benefits as imitations, he made conditions in which reliability turned into a commitment. To debilitate the individuals from the respectable tip top further, he dependent them to extravagance and guilty pleasure at the Palace of Versailles. That likewise definitely decreased the time they would spend in their own domains. It was ‘Sankin -kotai’ in camouflage. It is only that the arrangement of exchange participation was formalized as ‘Sankin-kotai’ by the Tokugawa Shoguns whereby the medieval masters were required to spend at any rate half of their time in Edo, the capital of the Shogun domain (Beasly 272). Louis XIV is regularly adulated in history for ‘recognizing talent’ in light of the fact that, during his rule, a few high positions were loaded up with everyday people. In spite of the fact that their accreditations don't need to be questioned, it should be seen that he had a particular preferred position in having them there: they were anything but difficult to dispose of. An unmistakable equal among him and the Shogunate gets obvious here in the event that we review how Ieyasu permitted untouchables to take on the situation of vassals. Similarly as Louis XIV practiced authority over the nobles by causing them to need to stay under his examination, Ieyasu’s replacements Hidetada and Iemitsu vivaciously sought after the land reallocation system by which they could force request on Japan’s primitive masters (Beasly 130). The framework was supported on the premise that it would guarantee ‘good governance’ while the genuine reason was the activit y of control.

12 Translators on Why They Do What They Do

12 Translators on Why They Do What They Do Ive been interested in literary translation since I was a teenager reading Dostoyevsky, Cervantes, Mann, and Kafka for the first time. And when I started thinking about what it meant to declare that Thomas Mann was my favorite writer while only being able to read him in English translation, I was struck by just how important translation is to expanding our minds and introducing us to diverse cultures. I also realized that my experience reading Mann in English differed in fascinating ways from that of a German-speaker reading him in the original. Years later, when I translated the work of several French Symbolist poets for an independent study, I realized how much every single word makes a difference in conveying meaning from one language to another and in capturing tone and style. It was some of the hardest work I had ever done, but also incredibly rewarding. Recently, I put out a call to literary translators asking them to talk about what drew them to their line of work. After all, it is because of them that we (generally) monolingual readers are able to learn about other cultures and beliefs through stories and poetry. Translation is a complicated and difficult endeavor, and a supremely worthy one, so I wanted to share some thoughts on this work from professional translators themselves. Below youll find paragraphs from 12 people who translate into English, explaining why they love what they do and how they got started. I know youll be inspired! Rebecca L. Thompson is an instructor and doctoral student at the University of Texas at Dallas. Shes published translations and scholarly papers on Metamorphoses and Milin Havivin, and is currently sending out manuscript samples of her first book-length project. Ive always been drawn to languages, because, to me, they seem like the fastest way to enter into and understand a new culture. That, paired with my love of books, made literary translation an obvious choice for me. I love the way we as translators occupy a middle ground and interact with a text. Its really a documentation and replication of the reading processin fact, I like to read the book for the very first time as Im translating it. By moving page by page as both a translator and a reader, I come as close as possible to creating a genuine, unfiltered experience for the reader of the translation. Its a challenge that never gets old. David Shook is a poet and translator in Los Angeles, where he is founding editor of Phoneme Media. His recent translations include books by Mexican writers Mario Bellatin, Tedi López Mills, Kyn Taniya, and Víctor Terán. I grew up as a Texan in Mexico City, which meant that I lived in translation, in the fertile ground between languages and cultures. It wasnt until college that I knew that literary translation even existed. But once I discovered it, it was game on. As in my own practice as a writer, I think that its a fascination with language that keeps me interested in literary translation. Theres a combination of curiosity and enthusiasm that I think many of us share. So few of my own translations begin with publication in mind. Theyre mostly born from things Im interested in, from democratic activism in Equatorial Guinea to narrative structure in Mexican literature. Recent examples include the contemporary Kriol poetry of Guinea-Bissau and José Juan Tabladas 1920s calligrams. Im also interested in the literary translators editorial or curatorial role. Our literature would be so much poorer if it werent for our translators, who are often the first to champion the writers they work with. That, to me, is another aspect of my own attraction to translation, the enthusiasm part: to be able to share the work that Im most excited about, to enlarge the conversation. Theres something transformative about translationboth the process itself, as the translator destroys an original to remake it in out of entirely new and different words, and the finished products potential to challenge and disrupt the literary status quo in the new language it wears as best it can. Manuel de los Reyes is an English into Spanish literary translator, specializing in Fantasy, SF, and Horror. He has over 15 years of experience, and more than 100 titles translated, among them books by Isaac Asimov, HP Lovecraft, Jonathan Carroll or Robin Hobb. I would have never become a professional translator if not for two very distinct episodes in my life. First, when I was in my teens, I discovered role-playing games. This might sound trivial, but back in the day, no one in my group of friends knew enough English to buy, read, and understand many of the new games that were slowly making their way into Spain from America. We always had to wait until they were translated into Spanish, and young as we were, patience was not really our forte. English was my favorite subject at school, however, and thus the task of directing all those foreign games kind of naturally fell on me. Most importantly, it was around then when I met my first exchange classmate, a Canadian girl named Jennifer. She turned my affinity for her mother tongue into a genuine interest that, eventually, opened up my world to a whole different culture. English became the language I read, watched, and listened to, with a passion. And this, combined with the fact that I have always loved books, somehow ended up steering my steps towards translation, which has the best from both worlds. Jennifer passed away some years ago, her beautiful, radiant light put off by cancer. I do not translate RPGs any more. But my memories of that friendship, of that love, remains. I keep working. And I will never forget. Ezra E. Fitzs translations of contemporary Latin American literature by Alberto Fuguet and Eloy Urroz have been praised by The New York Times, The Washington Post, The New Yorker, and The Believer, among other publications. His own novel, The Morning Side of the Hill, was published in 2014. For me, translation was always something of a family business.   When my dad was a grad student at CUNY, he studied with Gregory Rabassa, and translated The Stream of Life, aka Água Viva, by Clarice Lispector, for the University of Minnesota Press almost a quarter of a century before New Directions made her a household name in English. Nothing connects you with a text or an author like being a translator. As Rabassa himself once said, a translation is nothing but a close reading, perhaps the closest reading possible.   Thats what I wanted to do: read something so closely that the act itself would blur the boundary between the page and the ink thats seeping into it.   One of the authors whom Ive translated many times over the years once sent me a copy of a newly published collection of stories.   The inscription on the half title page read, Ezra, here you are in Spanish.   Now its your turn.   Borges couldnt have put it any better himself.   The connection had been made, the boundaries blurred, and the family business would continue on for another generation or at least another volume. Michelle Bailat-Jones is a writer and translator. Her novel Fog Island Mountains (Tantor, 2014) won the 2013 Christopher Doheny Award from the Center for Fiction. She has translated the work of C.F. Ramuz (Beauty on Earth, Onesuch Press, 2013; What if the Sun…, forthcoming Onesuch Press, 2016) as well as Julia Allard Daudet, Claude Cahun, Laure Mi-Hyun Croset, and others. For a long time, I assumed that my love of foreign languages and literatures would have to take a back seat to more practical matters, or, at best, would be an asset to the sensible job I’d eventually find myself in. I focused on science and politics and other things I really enjoyed, assuming these subjects would shape my adult life and career. But I couldn’t seem to put language and literature into its own separate box. It seems foolhardy to me now, but I decided at some point that what I really wanted to do was write novels and poetry, but I realized at the same time that translating could be viable and interesting work that could support me while I worked at the more financially-tenuous career of writing. (I know now that working exclusively in literary translation can be just as tenuous, but I can supplement it with academic and scientific translation work, which is often, thankfully, really interesting.) My first translation project was entirely for practice. I translated the first section of Marie Vieux-Chauvet’s Love, Anger, Madness (The Modern Library published a stunning translation of the book in 2009, by Rose-Myriam Réjouis and Val Vinokur) under the supervision of an accomplished translator. That first work was a revelation. Within Chauvet’s novel were all of the things I still really lovedâ€"politics and history on a thematic side, complex metaphor and intriguing narrative choices on the technical fictional sideâ€"and yet I could work within those things while playing with English. It felt like incredibly deep reading, and I’ve never looked back. Translating is, in all the best ways, very much like writing except that I don’t have to make up any of the story. Jennifer Croft is the recipient of Fulbright, PEN and National Endowment for the Arts grants, as well as the Michael Henry Heim Prize, and her writing and translations from Polish, Spanish, and Ukrainian have appeared in The New York Times, n+1, The Guardian, Guernica, Lit Hub, The Chicago Tribune, BOMB  and elsewhere. She holds a PhD from Northwestern University and an MFA from the University of Iowa. She is a Founding Editor of The Buenos Aires Review. In college, I majored in English and Russian and minored in Creative Writing. When I graduated, I tried to think of ways to combine those three things, and I came upon translation. In the past fifteen years, Ive had the enormous privilege of working with some of the most talented writers of Central Europe, brilliant women like Polands Olga Tokarczuk and Sylwia Siedlecka, or Ukraines Natalka Sniadanko. Everyone Ive translated has taught me something unique and essential about writing and the world. Literary translation has been an apprenticeship for me, and recently I have taken what Ive learned from the essays, fiction and poetry Ive remade in English and written my first novel, which will appear this year with Penguin Random House Argentina. I wrote it in Spanish, also making an English version as I went, though neither of those is a translation. All the writers I translate have read my work, and several have even translated excerpts, written responses for the website Ive created on the basis of my novel (http://homesickbook.space) or otherwise actively participated in this new stage in my career. Thus translation is for me dynamic collaboration, always, and Im very much looking forward to publishing more in English of all of these fantastic people. Im also co-authoring bilingual fiction now with Argentine author Eitán Futuro and am excited to see how readers will react to those pieces, where one of our goals is to get to the very bottom of language itself. Allison M. Charette received a 2015 PEN/Heim Translation Fund Grant for Naivos Beyond the Rice Fields, the first novel to be translated from Madagascar, forthcoming from Restless Books next year. She has also published two other book-length translations, in addition to short translated fiction that has appeared in Words Without Borders, The Other Stories, Tupelo Quarterly, InTranslation, and the SAND Journal. Translation makes you read books more closely than you ever have before. Part of the draw of literary translation for me is, thus, purely selfishI grow to understand anything I translate so much more deeply than otherwise possible. And the more I understand, the more excited I get about all the new worlds opening up to me, which makes me just itch to share it with everyone I know. The problem with that, of course, is that most people I know dont speak French, so I cant recommend my favorite French books to them until those books get translated into English. Tragic, I know. One of the things that has started drawing me more and more to translation, though, is the translators role in cultural awareness and general amity. By sharing all these different worlds, were advocating for other cultures and educating our own. Its quite the idealistic view, but humanizing the other, making the foreign more familiar: thats how hatred, racism, and xenophobia can be combated. Books, not bombs, right? As an example, specific to my current translation projects: Madagascar is a country thats never had a novel translated into English. Besides lemurs and maybe vanilla, most Americans know nothing about the country, so it falls into the same misconception that many Westerners have of Africa as an entirely backward, impoverished, and primitive continent. But now theres a short story about the nightlife in Tana, the capital city, thats been translated into English, so theres another reference point besides just bamboo huts and oral storytellers. We might not be able to change the whole world with such small steps, but its not for a lack of trying! María José Giménez is a translator, editor and rough-weather poet with a rock climbing problem. Recent work appears in Prelude, Rogue Agent, Drunken Boat, and Cactus Heart. Translations include poetry, short fiction, essays, screenplays, and Edurne Pasaban’s memoir Tilting at Mountains (Mountaineers Books, 2014). Her translation of Alejandro Saravia’s novel Red, Yellow and Green (forthcoming: Biblioasis, 2016) has received fellowships from the NEA and the Banff Centre for the Arts. She is part of Montreals collective The Apostles Review and has served as Assistant Translation Editor at Drunken Boat. Find her at www.mariajosetranslates.com. As a child, I spent countless hours in my room reading, writing, and poring over bilingual dictionaries. This is still what I most like to do. After completing undergraduate studies in French, I started working as a translator by chance while living on Vancouver Island, in 1999, when a freelancer I’d just met asked me for last-minute help editing Spanish translations. I now freelance full-time as a translator and copy editor, weaving my passion for language, and languages, into my work. My transition into literary translation began when I moved to Montreal in 2001 to start a second B.A. in Spanish, at Concordia University. Montreals multilingual environment was the perfect setting I needed then, with its plethora of literary and translation-related events, resources and bilingual readings. But the turning point was meeting and studying with Hugh Hazelton (now Professor Emeritus at Concordia), who introduced me to the work of Latino-Canadian authors such as Alejandro Saravia, Nela Rio, Carmen Rodriguez and Diego Creimer, among others. In 2007, I joined the collective The Apostles Review and have been a passionate translator and promoter of Latino-Canadian literature ever since. Hugh also instilled in me a deep love for the craft, as well as a sense of balance between rigor and creative freedom, and he continues to guide and inspire me as an invaluable mentor, friend, and collaborator. More than simply a career, translation is a path I have chosen, and it has become inextricably woven into my own creative writing, nurtured by rich connections and opportunities for collaboration with colleagues and advocates in our field. Jordi Alonso studied English at Kenyon College and is the Turner Fellow in Poetry at Stony Brook Southampton. Honeyvoiced, his first book of poems, an exploration stemming from a re-translation of Sappho, was published by XOXOX Press in 2014; his chapbook, The Lovers’ Phrasebook, which flirts with words not found in English as synonyms for “love” is forthcoming from Red Flag Poetry Service. He is the Poetry and Translation Editor of The Whale. After a childhood spent mixing English, Spanish, and French, I graduated with an AB in English with an emphasis on Creative Writing from Kenyon College in 2014, where I also studied Literary Translation, Anglo-Saxon, Latin, Provençal, and ancient Greek. I’ll be graduating from Stony Brook University in the spring of this year with an MFA in Creative Writing and Literature. My studies have given me a solid background in classics, modern literature, and translation. I’ve recently been more interested in using source-texts in other languages as inspiration for original work, just as I did in my first book (Honeyvoiced, XOXOX Press 2014), which I began by translating the fragments of Sappho with the aim of imagining what her complete poems might have sounded like had they survived the centuries while at the same time acknowledging that they were being rewritten by a 22 year-old American poet trying to enter into conversation with contemporary poetry. I continue exploring languages in a forthcoming chapbook (The Lovers’ Phrasebook, Red Flag Poetry 2017) where I take words from 26 languages, all relating to an aspect of love, each beginning with a different letter of the standard Latin alphabet, which have no direct translation into English. This chapbook came out of a list that I compiled with Phoebe Carter, a translator herself and a good friend of mine who will be designing the covers and illustrating every poem in the chapbook. Currently, I’m working with the Neo Political Cowgirls, a women’s dance theatre company in East Hampton, New York to bring a production to fruition later this year that is inspired by the myths and literature surrounding the mythical figure of Andromeda. Aviya Kushner is the author of The Grammar of God: A Journey into the Words and Worlds of the Bible (Spiegel Grau), a 2015 National Jewish Book Award Finalist.   Once a travel columnist for The International Jerusalem Post, she is now an associate professor of creative writing at Columbia College Chicago, where she teaches courses in writing and translation. I grew up in a Hebrew-speaking home in New York, and I have been translating from Hebrew to English all my life. The space between languages is a country with no name, a special zone, a state of mind. As a child, I didnt realize that this unnamed space was what translators went in and out of every day, and that the survival of literature depends on these travelers. Rosanna Warrens magnificent translation course introduced me to the theory and practice of translation; reading John Dryden and Robert Lowells essays on translation, I realized for the first time that many major writers throughout history were also translators. I was hooked. The first poet I translated was Saul Tchernichovsky, one of the fathers of modern Hebrew literatureâ€"a doctor and also a translator. I felt Tchernichovskys obsessions shaping my own poetry, and I realized that I had to absolutely love a piece of writing order to truly translate it. Recently I have been translating the poetry of Yudit Shahar, a prizewinning contemporary Israeli poet who writes about economic justice, the challenge of surviving as a single woman in society, and the legacy of growing up in a religious family. To translate Shahar, I have to use all my Hebrew and all my English, as well as my own experience as a poet and as a financial journalist. I am honored to be her bridge into English. Lisa Rose Bradford teaches comparative literature at the Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata and has published four book-length translations of Juan Gelmans verse including Between Words: Juan Gelmans Public Letter (National Translation Award) and Oxen Rage, recently long-listed for the Pen Award, 2016. Henry James once said: To criticize is to appreciate, to appropriate, to take intellectual possession, to establish in fine a relation with the criticized thing and to make it ones own. I believe literary translation is founded on a similar rapport, with the added value of affording one creative and productive readings of a text. In my case, this relationship began with German grandparents and a high school exchange in Argentina, both of which enhanced my fascination with words. Once in college, a literary translation workshop directed by Rainer Schulte increased my appreciation of the possibilities of language as regards rhetoric, musicality, and imagery. Translation became a mode of reading and a marvelous challenge. Regarding my career in translation, initially, the joy of recreating some of my favorite poetry drove me to translate, and I chose four contemporary Argentine poets for the discussion of the translation process for my dissertation at Berkeley. Moreover, my teaching career in Argentina includes the direction of a research group that has published two collections of essays on translation and three anthologies of U.S. poetry translated into Spanish. With the encouragement from other translators, many of whom are involved in the American Literary Translators Association, I began publishing poets from my dissertation in journals, and later bilingual collections of Juan Gelmans poetry in the form of complete books. A few years ago, a residency at the Banff International Literary Translation Center, where the participants become part an exceptional community of artists, affirmed my belief that there is an enormous level of creativity among translators, many of whom are also writers in their own right, as am I in my free time. Finally, to have gained recognition in the form of a National Translation Award and an NEA has driven me even harder to prolong the pleasure, and the possession and memorial involved in capturing a work of art. Sophie Hughess forthcoming translations from Spanish include Laia Jufresas Umami  (Oneworld Publications) and Rodrigo Hasbúns Affections (Pushkin Press).  In 2015, she was  awarded the British Centre for Literary Translation Prose Mentorship, and in 2016 she was shortlisted for an Arts Foundation Fellowship. Ive often heard literary translators refer to themselves as bridges into other worlds, and its true that a large part of what we do is provide a path for readers from one place to reach the literature and ergo the culture, history, even the spirit of anotherâ€"all without having to speak the language of that place. This idea of it being a bridge-building, empathetic vocation was what first appealed to me about literary translation. In fact, it turned out that the task at hand is really more akin to digging tunnels: (mentally) back-breaking, producing one engineering quandary after another (the idea that we can map one language neatly onto another is as alogical as a tunnel under the English Channel), and the end product is basically invisible. It has also, in my still short career as a translator, become clear that this bridge/tunnel allows for two-way traffic. Anglophone readers are able travel to foreign lands, yes, and what a treat it is to sightsee and dip into unknown territory. But it is what foreign writers bring over to us via us conduit-translators that keeps our literature and ergo our culture, history, and spirit evolving. In my personal utopia, our English  evolves thanks to translation. Just as Shakespeares Old English is ingrained in our modern vernacular (appropriately enough, its all Greek to me), so do foreign authors have a place in our daily speech and thoughts. A few foreign language authors, thanks to their translators, have crossed channels in this way, at least in my life: Kafkas A book must be the ax for the frozen sea within us; more recently, Mexican Laia Jufresas the dead, or at least some of them, take customs, decades, whole neighborhoods with them. When death does you part, its also the end of whats mine is yours; and lest we forget, Umberto Ecos Translation is the art of failureâ€"for me, borrowed wisdom to live by.

Public Health Preparedness Capabilities Planning Model

The public health sector can best survive various threats through effective planning through which realistic goals are established. Essentially, public health preparedness and planning requires a strong understanding of citizens’ needs at all levels. The state of Michigan achieves this health requirement though the state’s Division of Emergency Preparedness Response (DEPR) along with the division’s collaboration with tribal governments and local health departments. This report focuses on the Public Health Preparedness Capabilities Planning Model. The report is based on the state of Michigan in which it assesses the organizational roles and responsibilities, resource elements, and performance. Currently, the state of Michigan ensures†¦show more content†¦In addition, training is offered to health practitioners to enhance their skills. Regarding the performance towards the public health sector and health preparedness, the state government of Michigan ensures that all hospitals in the state work towards incorporating activities that would ensure that beds and services remain at least 20% beyond the daily capacity needs (Michigan Department of Health Human Services, 2016). The state government has also ensured that life support agencies and hospitals develop, exercise, and refine plans for handling any influx of patients, especially in times of emergency (Michigan Department of Health Human Services, 2016). The state government of Michigan operates with a view of meeting various goals and objectives. Nevertheless, it public health preparedness program is not the best in the country. As such, there are gaps in its public health preparedness program compared to other states. 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The Age Of Manufacturing That Preceded The Romantic Movement

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Myer Holdings Limited (Myer) Free Essays

Prospective analysis – forecast The previous reports have already approached the industry and financial analysis of Myer. This report will analyze the forecast, valuation and application of Myer, including forecasting the major data, valuating share price under four model and discussing the opportunity and challenge of Myer. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Myer Holdings Limited (Myer) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forecast sales growth rate As one of the most important indicators, sales can reflect directly Myer’s financial performance and influence other indicators. Therefore, the forecast of sales growth rate is the foundation for forecasting Myer. Based on the previous annual reports from 2007 to 2011, Myer’s sales are not optimistic and the average growth rate is negative 2. 89%. The decline of both global economy and purchase power of consumers in Australia will lead to the depression of whole industry and unsatisfied performance of Myer in 2012. Additionally, growth of 20% online shopping shows that more and more consumers prefer to purchase online instead of in the shops . Therefore, negative 1% of sales growth rate for Myer can be assumed in 2012. However, Australia would have a weakening global economy impact and have strong national growth in the future . According to IMF, Australian economy growth rate is expected up to 3. 5% in 2013 . Considering the previous performance of Myer, 2% of growth rate can be assumed for 2013. After that, 3% of growth rate can be assumed from 2014 to 2017 and the sales would approximately even to 2007. (See below chart) Previous years ‘00020072008200920102011Average rate Sales3,002,3532,940,3312,798,9162,825,0342,666,803? sales growth? -2. 07%-4. 81%0. 93%-5. 60%-2. 89% Future years ?2011201220132014201520162017 Sales growth? -1%2%3%3%3%3% 2. Forecast ATO calculate NOA According to the past five years’ data, Myer’s Assets Turnover ratio (ATO) declined slowly following the decrease of sales, apart from 2011 down quickly. Therefore, the average rate 2. 05 can be used to predict the future years. (See below chart) ? 20072008200920102011Average rate ATO2. 02 2. 282. 152. 001. 772. 05 3. Forecast PM calculate NOPAT Profit Margin (PM) is another important indicator in forecasting Myer’s performance. This indicator relates between the sales and cost of goods sold and operating costs. The competition in retail industry is stronger than before. That means through increasing sales or decrease COS to increase PM is more difficult. The change of PM fluctuated markedly in the last five years. In order to fairly predict the data, the average of 7. 5% can be used as the future PM growth rate. (See below chart) ? 20072008200920102011Average rate profit margin4. 7%13. 4%4. 9%7. 8%6. 6%7. 5% 4. Forecast net dividend payout Dividend payout is a significant indicator to influence share price. Therefore, estimating this rate means the people can determine Myer whether focuses on benefiting shareholders and beautifies share price or not. According to the past 5 years, only 3 years Myer paid dividends. After calculation, the average rate based on 3 years is 45% and 5 years is 27%. However, 27% is too low for shareholders if Myer earn more profit base on the forecast. In addition, most of dividends payout is higher than 50%. Therefore, the forecasting dividend payout rate is estimated by 45%. (See below chart) ? 20072008200920102011Average rate(3yrs)Average rate(5yrs) Dividend0%50%0%28%59%45%27% 5. Forecast cost of debt and debt balance Basically, cost of debt means the expense of liabilities. Determining the cost of debt is as well as setting up the financial structure such as how much debt Myer plan to borrow. According to the previous data, Myer repaid a huge amount of debt in 2010 and led to the cost up and net debt down. However, the debt did not rise up again and kept the similar level as 2010. Therefore, concerning about the cost of debt, the average of 10. 75% seems more reasonable to predict the future. (See below chart) ? 20072008200920102011Average rate % cost of debt6. 25%6. 41%6. 36%30. 31%4. 41%10. 75% net debt (ND)928,503 856,242 904,258 414,574 457,362 ? Prospective – Valuation Four methods are used to valuate Myer, DDM, DAE, DAOE and DCF. In addition, two ways are used to determine cost of capital, which are CAPM and WACC. In CAPM model, risk-free rate, risk premium rate and ? are assumed separately 4. 5%, 6. 5% and 1. 1. It is not easy to determine ? because it changes every day. Assuming 1. 1 for? means the fluctuation of Myer share price is a little stronger than the market but not too much . Therefore, cost of capital (Re) is calculated by the formula and equals to 11. 65%. This Re is used in DDM and DAE. In WACC model, because Re is 11. 5%, Rf is calculated by formula and equals to 11. 43%. This Rf is used in DAOE and DCF. The share price is calculated by these 4 different models. (See below chart) ModelForecast Share price in 2012 DDM1. 7423 DAE2. 4548 DAOE2. 5603 DCF2. 5603 DDM is influenced strongly by dividends because this model uses dividends to calculate value of shares. If the company does not pay dividends, the share price would be lower. Myer is estimated to pay dividends in 45% and the share price closes to market share price. (See below chart) DateLast % Change High Low Vol * 24 Oct 20121. 950-1. 27% 1. 621. 9306,259,477 This model is easy to understand Myer’s business conditions. However, this is affected by dividends too much and dividends are not always linking the value creation , the valuation model seems very limited. Obviously, this cannot reflect the Myer’s real value and conditions. Additionally, compared to DDM, DAE involves in other indicator abnormal earnings to value Myer share price and is better to present Myer’s conditions. Myer share price in DAE is higher than DDM because it reflects book value of equity and PV of future abnormal earnings to add share value. Therefore, this is more close to the real performance of Myer. Also, DAOE model is similar with DAE apart from that DAOE focuses on the equity which is determined by operating abnormal earnings. This eliminates the influence of Myer’s financial activities to calculate abnormal earnings. However, Myer’s financial value has been added to the equity finally. Therefore, this can reflect Myer’s condition in operating. Finally, DCF model focuses on cash flow which results in the equity increases. Usually, it can get the same share price with DAOE, but does not affected by accounting rules. However, investments are treated as losses for cash flow, which can bring more future benefits to Myer. Therefore, if Myer plans to use investments to produce free cash flow, then this model is very close Myer’s real conditions. Prospective – Sensitivity On one side, Myer is department store and compete in retail industry. Seasonality is more significant aspect in retail industry. The boom seasons for Myer are the end of financial year and Christmas holidays. Also, the weather, new products in season or other factors are the aspects which Myer is sensitive. On the other side, according to Appendix 4, the four models of sensitivity can be analyzed. For the indicators of sales, ATO, dividend payout, DDM is the most sensitive, while DCF and DAOE are not sensitive. However, DDM is not sensitive in debt, while DCF and DAOE are most sensitive. Application Opportunities According to the forecast analysis and valuation, Myer has some possible opportunities to improve herself and get rid of the difficult conditions although the depression of condition expands the whole retail industry. Myer is predicted to pay more dividends to their shareholders in forecast analysis. This will addict more investor to buy shares and this can push the share price to rise up. Also, the book value of equity for Myer can be increased and this leads to no one can buy Myer’s share lower than book value. Therefore, a higher merger value or acquisition value can be created. Eventually, Myer will get more capital to investment. Therefore, Myer has an opportunity to invest this implemental capital. Concerning about the future economy, Australia will have strong domestic economy increase . As a result, Australian consumption and requirement will be up. Therefore, keeping and maintaining domestic consumers are still the main tasks for Myer. With the online shopping eroded the traditional shopping stores, Myer should improve their online shopping services, such as beautifying and making it convenient for customers. Myer’s CEO announced they would launch a new â€Å"omni-channel† service to stimulate consumers shop online . Obviously, Myer has already recognized online shopping is the main method to regain market share. Additionally, expanding the overseas market seems a good lamb for Myer to increase profit. Recently, Australia government has signed two Free Trade Agreement negotiations with China and Japan separately. This provides a firm foundation to encourage more foreign investments between Australia and both of countries . Therefore, Myer can be provided more supports to invest in China and Japan. There are three reasons for Myer to choose China rather than Japan to set up the first overseas branch. Firstly, 1. 34 billion of China population is more stable for consumption foundation than 127million of Japan . Secondly, the advantage of exchange can provide more benefits for Myer to invest in overseas. Thirdly, more products of Myer are produced by China; therefore, setting up branch in china can save the delivery cost and tax. Challenges Although Myer’s forecasting is more profitable, it still has a potential challenge for borrowings. First of all, the purpose of loan for Myer may be to expand its shops or update its online shopping. These have more chances to be long-term debts instead of short-term debts. However, when they are in the lack of cash flows, Myer may pay dividends through borrowings. Although this can be short-term debts, it is not for earning profit. Therefore, both of these are risky for debtors. Secondly, the figure shows that Myer would not plan to increase its financial expenses. That may be Myer prefer to get more funds from shareholders and her own operates rather than debts. This looks lower risky than people’s anticipation while it also means Myer would slow the repayment of debt and the previous debt risky will be raised up. Thirdly, the steady growth rate of dividend payout shows Myer would pay more dividends to benefit their shareholders when they earn more money instead of pay the debt or reinvest. In other words, Myer prefer has more long-term debt than short-term debt and maybe the benefits will be impaired. Therefore, the debt’s risk of Myer tends to be increased by Myer’s trend. Fourthly, the debt leverage looks healthy. However, the decrease of debt leverage is because not only the debt decreases, but also the net operating assets increase. Above all, Myer probably has problem when debt from debtors. Therefore, a detailed loan structure should be planned to make debtor have more confidence and willing to borrow money to Myer. This loan structure need to concern about the percentage of debt and equity for Myer. Also, the percentage of long-term debt and short-term debt should be considered. In addition, the purposes of debt need to be clear, easy to understand and report to debtors and shareholders. Conclusion To sum up, these analyses are really useful to approach Myer’s conditions and performance, and also can give some particular information through valuation. However, there are not perfect analyses; people still need to look for more effective analyses to value the firm. How to cite Myer Holdings Limited (Myer), Essay examples

Why sing the mermaid Review Essay Example

Why sing the mermaid Review Paper Essay on Why sing the mermaid Someone brutally kills the offspring of famous families in London. Fathers who died heartbroken and seemingly must crave the capture of the criminal. However, they do not want anyone else investigating this matter But do not bother Sebastian September Syrah, which is taken to reveal all the secrets. Thus begins the third book, KS Harris, Why sing mermaid about the exciting adventures of the detective Viscount Devlin. Many of the familiar character of the two earlier works by Harris ( When the gods die and are afraid of the angels). However, my acquaintance with these charming characters, very reminiscent of early Akunins Fandorin began with only a third of the book. Only I Saint Cyr was much closer. For a long time I have not read such a quality detective who keeps in suspense until the last page. At the same time, in the book there is a place for love line. Romance quite a bit, but it fits into the story. As a result, Harris received a perfect cocktail. The recipe is as follows: take the main component a detective line, decorate its historical background, add a few drops of romance to the ladies also liked it and voila! I liked it so much that I drank this cocktail is almost in one gulp. And then for a long time remained philosophical aftertaste. I wanted to think about whether the person has the right to use any way you like, just to save his life? Or moral principles do have meaning. And in general, how would you tread on the ground the characters We will write a custom essay sample on Why sing the mermaid Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why sing the mermaid Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why sing the mermaid Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer put the book down it was virtually impossible constantly want to know whats next !!? Who is the murderer Personally, I never even thought that it would be Of course, I will not say who. I am glad that there is still at least a couple of books about the adventures of Viscount Devlin. So, I am waiting for the transfer.